Bruges weather from October onwards can best be described as 'variable.' You might get crisp sunshine, sideways rain, fog, and mild temperatures — all in the same day. Packing well makes the difference between a wonderful trip and a miserable one.

Layers are essential. Morning temperatures can be 5°C, afternoon might reach 14°C. A base layer, a warm mid-layer (fleece or wool), and a waterproof outer shell covers most situations.

A proper rain jacket is more useful than an umbrella. Bruges is often windy, and an umbrella in a Bruges wind tunnel (Steenstraat, for instance) is a liability. A waterproof jacket with a hood keeps you dry and your hands free.

Shoes matter more than anything else. The cobblestones in Bruges are beautiful and treacherous — especially when wet. Flat, sturdy shoes with good grip are essential. Fashion shoes, heels, and smooth-soled boots will make you miserable. Waterproofing spray helps.

A small daypack is useful for carrying layers, a water bottle, and any chocolates or souvenirs you accumulate. Leave the large backpack at your accommodation — narrow streets and crowded museums are not the place for it.

Sunglasses: yes, even in autumn. When the sun comes out between clouds, the light reflecting off the canals and white-painted buildings can be surprisingly bright.

Sunset in October is around 6:30pm. In November, closer to 5pm. Plan outdoor activities accordingly.